Cato Wong
Many people held the belief that totalitarianism is the consequence of the penetration of public power into private life. The fear of the “tyranny of the majority” led the contemporary thinkers after the Second World War to conclude that “positive freedom”, i.e., the freedom to do something, is inherently dangerous in contrast to the “negative freedom,” the freedom from something. None of the writers and thinkers from the “libertarian” side (Friedrich Hayek, Ayn Rand etc.) or the “liberal” side (Isaiah Berlin, Karl Popper etc.) saw any worth in politics itself, both strands of thinking try to de-emphasize politics and replaced it with the pursuit of lifestyles preferred by individuals. By making everyone minding their own business only, it can be expected that no one would organize anything for public causes and therefore left no chances for government to act on behalf of people’s demand, thus the government power – the source of totalitarianism is withering away. Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) stood out among the political thinkers of the postwar era for her defense of the political life. Far from denouncing politics as the cause of totalitarian rule, Arendt argues it was not the penetration of public power into private life that made totalitarian rule possible, but the loss of public space and the banishment of citizens from public world into private life is what responsible for the phenomenon we called totalitarianism.
Arendt was born in Germany and studied philosophy under Martin Heidegger. As an eyewitness of the Nazi movement of her country and a Jew whose identity made her fled Germany, Arendt rightly diagnosed the totalitarianism as the movement that organized not classes, not parties but “masses” (OT: 308), which could be defined as “people who either because of sheer numbers, or indifference, or a combination of both” (OT: 311), they are the men who struggle to maintain life’s necessities, they can be the day laborers (who are more affected by the Stalinist totalitarians) or the lower middle classes (who are more drawn to the Fascist totalitarians). Totalitarianism demands “total, unrestricted, unconditional, and unalterable” loyalty which can only be achieved by the elimination of dissent voices and the abolition of all natural and social bonds between human beings. “The mass man whom Himmler organized for the great mass crimes ever committed in history,” Arendt said, was the man who “worries nothing so much as his private security, was ready to sacrifice everything – belief, honor, dignity – on the slightest provocation” (OT: 338). Read more »
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